Classification Of Animal On The Basis Of Body Shape/Symmetry.
1) Asymmetrical Animals :-
Those Animals Whose Body Can Not Be Divided Into Equal
Parts Are Called Asymmetrical Animals.
In Other words They Have Irregular Body Shape.
2) Bilateral:-
The Body Of These Animals Can Be Divided Into Equal Parts
In One Plane Of Cutting Only
3) Radial Symmetrical:-
The Body Of These Animals Can Be Divided Into Equal Parts In More Than One Plane Of Cutting.
Tuesday 5 April 2016
Monday 4 April 2016
Mychorrhizae
Short Note On Mycorrhizae :-
.Some Fungi Make Association With The Roots Of Higher Plants Called Mycorrhizae.
.It Is Also a Mutualism In Which Both The Partners get Benefit
.The Hyphae Of Fungi Increase The Soil Contact And Help I The Absorption Of Important
The Substances Like Zinc, Copper , Phosphorous and Other Nutrients.
.The Plant Get All These Substances and As a Result Of Which The Plant Supplies Organic
Compounds To The Fungus.
.In This Way The Fungi And Higher Plants Live Together
.There Are Two Type Of Mycorrhizae:-
1) Endomycorrhizae
2) Ectomycorrhizae
Endomycorrhizae:-
.When The Hyphae Of Fungi Penetrate Into The Inner Side Of Root Cells, These Are Called
Ectomycorrhizae.
Ectomycorrhizae:-
.When The Fungal Hyphae Surround The Roots And Remain Between The Cell But Do Not
Penetrate into The Cells, These Are Called Ectomycorrhizae.
.Some Fungi Make Association With The Roots Of Higher Plants Called Mycorrhizae.
.It Is Also a Mutualism In Which Both The Partners get Benefit
.The Hyphae Of Fungi Increase The Soil Contact And Help I The Absorption Of Important
The Substances Like Zinc, Copper , Phosphorous and Other Nutrients.
.The Plant Get All These Substances and As a Result Of Which The Plant Supplies Organic
Compounds To The Fungus.
.In This Way The Fungi And Higher Plants Live Together
.There Are Two Type Of Mycorrhizae:-
1) Endomycorrhizae
2) Ectomycorrhizae
Endomycorrhizae:-
.When The Hyphae Of Fungi Penetrate Into The Inner Side Of Root Cells, These Are Called
Ectomycorrhizae.
Ectomycorrhizae:-
.When The Fungal Hyphae Surround The Roots And Remain Between The Cell But Do Not
Penetrate into The Cells, These Are Called Ectomycorrhizae.
Sunday 3 April 2016
Importance of Fungi
Importance of Fungi:-
Fungi In Food Industry:-
Yeast Is Used In Baking And Wine Making Industry.
Yeast Has The Ability To Ferment Carbohydrate , Breaking
Down Glucose To produce Ethanol and Carbon dioxide .
Fungi In Food Industry:-
Yeast Is Used In Baking And Wine Making Industry.
Yeast Has The Ability To Ferment Carbohydrate , Breaking
Down Glucose To produce Ethanol and Carbon dioxide .
Fungi In Pharmaceutical Industry :-
Penicillin The First Discovered Antibiotic Is Obtained From
Pencillium Chrysigenum.
The Antibiotic Griseofulvin Is Effectively
Used Against Fungal Infections Of Hair, Nails, Skin, And Ringworm.
Edible Fungi:-
The Mushroom Is Considered Popular Food Throughout The World.
Mushroom Are Famous For Their Taste.
Some Ectomycorrhizae Are Edible.
The Yeast Contain High Level Of Vitamin B and Protein
Fungi Used In Research Projects :-
Yeast Are Mostly Used In Biological Research Projects Due To Their
Rapidly Increasing Generation Time And Increasing Genetic Pool .
Yeast Contain 6000 Genes.
Saturday 2 April 2016
Haemocoel and Coelom
Haemocoel and Coelom :-
Coelom Is The Space Between Body Wall And Alimentary Canal
Formed By Splitting Of Embryonic Mesoderm
Coelome Filled With Heamolymph Is Called Heamocoel.
In Heamocoel The Original Coelme IS Obliterated Dilation Of Blood Vessels.
Coelom Is The Space Between Body Wall And Alimentary Canal
Formed By Splitting Of Embryonic Mesoderm
Coelome Filled With Heamolymph Is Called Heamocoel.
In Heamocoel The Original Coelme IS Obliterated Dilation Of Blood Vessels.
ECG (Electrocardiogram)
Electrocardiogram :-
The Electrocardiogram Is a Medical Device Used For Recording The Electrical
Activity Of The Heart.
An Electrocardiogram (ECG) Is Used To Measure The Rate and Regularity Of
Heart Beats, As Well As The Size Position Of The Chambers, Thee Presence Of
Any Demage To The Heart and The Effects Of Drugs Or Devices Used To Regulate
The Heart Such As Pacemaker.
The Electrocardiogram Is a Medical Device Used For Recording The Electrical
Activity Of The Heart.
An Electrocardiogram (ECG) Is Used To Measure The Rate and Regularity Of
Heart Beats, As Well As The Size Position Of The Chambers, Thee Presence Of
Any Demage To The Heart and The Effects Of Drugs Or Devices Used To Regulate
The Heart Such As Pacemaker.
Pacemaker
PACEMAKER :-
.It Is Also Called Sinoatrial Node or SA node.
.The SA node Is Composed Of Special Muscle Called Purkinji.
.Pacemaker Is a Specialized Region Of Cardiac Muscles That Maintain
The Rhythm Of The Heart.
.SA node initiates The Electrical Impulse For Heart Beat.
.The Cell Of The SA node Generate Electrical Impulses Which Is Responsible The The
For The Rest Of Heart Electrical Activity.
.The Pacemaker Is Situated In The Walls Of Right Auricle.
.It Is Also Called Sinoatrial Node or SA node.
.The SA node Is Composed Of Special Muscle Called Purkinji.
.Pacemaker Is a Specialized Region Of Cardiac Muscles That Maintain
The Rhythm Of The Heart.
.SA node initiates The Electrical Impulse For Heart Beat.
.The Cell Of The SA node Generate Electrical Impulses Which Is Responsible The The
For The Rest Of Heart Electrical Activity.
.The Pacemaker Is Situated In The Walls Of Right Auricle.
Friday 1 April 2016
Different Between Heamolymph and Blood
Heamolymph and
Blood :-
Heamolymph Is The Circulatory Fluid In Insects. It Does Not Contain Heamoglobin And RBCs And Does Not Transport Oxygen.
Heamolymph Transport Food Only.
While
Blood Contain Different Types Of Cell And Present In Liquid Part
Called Plasma.
As Heamoglobin Is Present Blood Transport Oxygen And Corbondioxide Besides Other Substances.
Animal Like Protists
. Animal Like Protists
.The Protists (Algae) Play A Major role in ecosystem . These Forms The Foundation
Of Food
.It is Estimated That One-Quarter Of World’s Photosynthesis Is Performed By Algea.
.It Play role in nutrients Recycling
.Protists Are Responsible For Decomposing The Organic Matter and recycling The
Nutrients
.Euglena Is Used To Treat Sewage Because Of Its ability To Switch From An Autotrophic
To a Heterotrophic Mode Of Nutrition
.Protists Form Symbiotic Relationship For i,e Trichonympha Lives In The Gut OF Termites
And Produce An enzyme Cellulose Which Digest The Wood
.The Animal Like Protists Causes Diseases In Humans :- I,e Malaria, Amoebic Dysentery , African Sleeping Sickness And Giardiasis .
.Some Protists Have Medicinal And Industrial Uses.
.Chemicals Are Obtained From Ptotists Are Used In The Treatment Of Ulcers , Hypertension And Arthritis.
.Some Species Are Used As Source Of Food
.Red Algae Are Rich In Vitamins And Minerals .
.The Protists (Algae) Play A Major role in ecosystem . These Forms The Foundation
Of Food
.It is Estimated That One-Quarter Of World’s Photosynthesis Is Performed By Algea.
.It Play role in nutrients Recycling
.Protists Are Responsible For Decomposing The Organic Matter and recycling The
Nutrients
.Euglena Is Used To Treat Sewage Because Of Its ability To Switch From An Autotrophic
To a Heterotrophic Mode Of Nutrition
.Protists Form Symbiotic Relationship For i,e Trichonympha Lives In The Gut OF Termites
And Produce An enzyme Cellulose Which Digest The Wood
.The Animal Like Protists Causes Diseases In Humans :- I,e Malaria, Amoebic Dysentery , African Sleeping Sickness And Giardiasis .
.Some Protists Have Medicinal And Industrial Uses.
.Chemicals Are Obtained From Ptotists Are Used In The Treatment Of Ulcers , Hypertension And Arthritis.
.Some Species Are Used As Source Of Food
.Red Algae Are Rich In Vitamins And Minerals .
Thursday 31 March 2016
Hormones Of Plants
Hormones Of Plants :-
1) Auxins
2) Gibberellins
3) Cytokinins
4) Abscisic Acid
5) Ethylene
1) Auxins :- It Is A Greek Word Which Means "To Increase"
It Produced In The Apical Meristems Of Shoot And The Tips Of
Coleoptiles.
Auxins Controls The Lengthening Of The Shoot And The Coleoptile By
Promoting Cells Elongation
The Same Quantity Of Auxins That Promotes Growth In The Stem ,
Inhibits Growth In The Main Root System
2) Gibberellins :-
Gibberellins Were First Isolated From a Parasitic Fungus That Causes
abnormal Growth In Rice Seedling
It Causes Seed Germination In Grasses
It Can Break The Dormancy Of The Seed
It Promote Flowering
3) Cytokinins :- They Were First Discovered In Culture Of Plant Tissues. They Are Chemically Related To Nucleic Acid
They Promote The Growth Of Lateral Buds
They Prevent Senescence In Leaves By Stimulating Proteins Synthesis.
4) Abscisic Acid :-
Abscisic Acid Has Abscision Character And Acidic In Nature.
Abscisic Acid Causes Bud Dormancy And Seed Dormancy
Abscisic Acid Inhibits Active Growth Of Seedling Flowering In Long
Day Plants And Promotes Abscission
5) Ethylene :- It Is A Gaseous Hormone
It Inhibit Root Growth And Development Of Axillary Buds When Present
In High Concentration
Ethylene Also Stimulates Fruit Ripening
It Induces Senescence In Plant Cells And Organs
1) Auxins
2) Gibberellins
3) Cytokinins
4) Abscisic Acid
5) Ethylene
1) Auxins :- It Is A Greek Word Which Means "To Increase"
It Produced In The Apical Meristems Of Shoot And The Tips Of
Coleoptiles.
Auxins Controls The Lengthening Of The Shoot And The Coleoptile By
Promoting Cells Elongation
The Same Quantity Of Auxins That Promotes Growth In The Stem ,
Inhibits Growth In The Main Root System
2) Gibberellins :-
Gibberellins Were First Isolated From a Parasitic Fungus That Causes
abnormal Growth In Rice Seedling
It Causes Seed Germination In Grasses
It Can Break The Dormancy Of The Seed
It Promote Flowering
3) Cytokinins :- They Were First Discovered In Culture Of Plant Tissues. They Are Chemically Related To Nucleic Acid
They Promote The Growth Of Lateral Buds
They Prevent Senescence In Leaves By Stimulating Proteins Synthesis.
4) Abscisic Acid :-
Abscisic Acid Has Abscision Character And Acidic In Nature.
Abscisic Acid Causes Bud Dormancy And Seed Dormancy
Abscisic Acid Inhibits Active Growth Of Seedling Flowering In Long
Day Plants And Promotes Abscission
5) Ethylene :- It Is A Gaseous Hormone
It Inhibit Root Growth And Development Of Axillary Buds When Present
In High Concentration
Ethylene Also Stimulates Fruit Ripening
It Induces Senescence In Plant Cells And Organs
Prions And Viroids
Prions And Viroids :-
Prions:-
They Are Infectious Proteins Particles Thought To Be Responsible For Transmissible Neurodegenerative Diseases.
These Infectious Prion Proteins Are Modified Form Of Normal Proteins Which Are Synthesized In The Brian And Stem Cells In The Bone Marrow.
Prions Cause Disease In Human :- CJD Which Mean Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease.
FFI Fatal Familial Insomnia
Viroids :-
Circular , small , Single Stranded Infectious RNA Molecules Lacking a proteins Coat. They Are
More Simple Than Viruses.
They Cause a disease in Plants Like , Potato Spindle-Tuber Disease,
Citrus Exorcist Disease, Cucumber Pale Fruit.
Viriods Cause Disease In Human Is Hepatitis D.
They Are Infectious Proteins Particles Thought To Be Responsible For Transmissible Neurodegenerative Diseases.
These Infectious Prion Proteins Are Modified Form Of Normal Proteins Which Are Synthesized In The Brian And Stem Cells In The Bone Marrow.
Prions Cause Disease In Human :- CJD Which Mean Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease.
FFI Fatal Familial Insomnia
Viroids :-
Circular , small , Single Stranded Infectious RNA Molecules Lacking a proteins Coat. They Are
More Simple Than Viruses.
They Cause a disease in Plants Like , Potato Spindle-Tuber Disease,
Citrus Exorcist Disease, Cucumber Pale Fruit.
Viriods Cause Disease In Human Is Hepatitis D.
Tuesday 29 March 2016
Bacterial Diseases In Human
Bacterial Diseases In
Human :-
. Cholera
. Tuberculosis
. Pneumonia
. Typhoid Fever
.Cholera:-
Cholera Caused By a gram Negative Bacteria Called Vibro Cholera
it Enter The Intestinal Tract From Contaminated water and food.
The Symptoms Of Cholera Is: Loss Of Fluid From The Body
The Eye Of The Person Become Gray And Sink Into Their Orbits.
The Skin Become Dry and Cold
The Urine Production Stop
Pain Occurs In Arms and Legs
In Untreated Cases Death Rate May Reach To 70%
The Treatment Of Cholera Is : Use Antibiotics Such as tetracycline
ORS Is Given to Patients
The Prevention Of Cholera Is : Sanitation, Personal Hygiene,
Care In Food Preparation
.Tuberculosis:-
Tuberculosis Caused By A Bacteria Called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
The Symptoms Of Cholera Is : Chronic Cough Chest Pain, Expel Sputum, High Fever
The Treatment Of Tuberculosis is : full course Of Medication
Good Meal And Living Condition.
.Pneumonia :-
Pneumonia Is Caused By a Gram Positive Bacteria
The symptom Of pneumonia is : High Fever , Chest Pain , Difficulty in breathing ,
The treatment of pneumonia is : Immunization to 23 strains is available, drug penicillin
with tetracycline and chloramphenical.
.Typhoid Fever:-
Typhoid Fever Is Caused by gram negative bacteria called salmonella typhoid.
The Symptoms of typhoid fever is : Ulcer , Abdomen Covers With Red Spots
At Later Stage Gall Bladder Is Also Infected.
The Treatment Of Typhoid Fever Is : Antibiotics Chloramphenical ,
Vaccine are Available for immunization.
. Tuberculosis
. Pneumonia
. Typhoid Fever
.Cholera:-
Cholera Caused By a gram Negative Bacteria Called Vibro Cholera
it Enter The Intestinal Tract From Contaminated water and food.
The Symptoms Of Cholera Is: Loss Of Fluid From The Body
The Eye Of The Person Become Gray And Sink Into Their Orbits.
The Skin Become Dry and Cold
The Urine Production Stop
Pain Occurs In Arms and Legs
In Untreated Cases Death Rate May Reach To 70%
The Treatment Of Cholera Is : Use Antibiotics Such as tetracycline
ORS Is Given to Patients
The Prevention Of Cholera Is : Sanitation, Personal Hygiene,
Care In Food Preparation
.Tuberculosis:-
Tuberculosis Caused By A Bacteria Called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
The Symptoms Of Cholera Is : Chronic Cough Chest Pain, Expel Sputum, High Fever
The Treatment Of Tuberculosis is : full course Of Medication
Good Meal And Living Condition.
.Pneumonia :-
Pneumonia Is Caused By a Gram Positive Bacteria
The symptom Of pneumonia is : High Fever , Chest Pain , Difficulty in breathing ,
The treatment of pneumonia is : Immunization to 23 strains is available, drug penicillin
with tetracycline and chloramphenical.
.Typhoid Fever:-
Typhoid Fever Is Caused by gram negative bacteria called salmonella typhoid.
The Symptoms of typhoid fever is : Ulcer , Abdomen Covers With Red Spots
At Later Stage Gall Bladder Is Also Infected.
The Treatment Of Typhoid Fever Is : Antibiotics Chloramphenical ,
Vaccine are Available for immunization.
Monday 28 March 2016
Fundamental Biological Molecules
Fundamental Biological Molecules:-
.There Are Four Types Of Fundamental Biological Molecules 1) Proteins 2) Carbohydrates 3) Lipids 4) Nucleic Acids 1)Proteins:- Proteins Are The Most Abundant Organic Compound. The Unit Of Proteins Is Amino Acid, or we also say that When Amino Acids combine,They form proteins. Proteins Play One Of The Most Important Role In Structure And Function of The Cell. 2)Carbohydrates:- Carbohydrates Are Composed Of Hydrogen Oxygen and Carbon.They Are Also Called Hydrated Carbon. They Are Used In The Process Of Respiration For Energy Purpose.Carbohydrates Act As building Material Of Plants Cell. 3)Lipids:- Lipids Act As A reserve Food And Building Material Of cellular Organelles. 4)Nucleic Acids:- Nucleic Acids Are DNA and RNA.DNA and RNA are Important Type Of Fundamental Organic Molecules Of The Cell. DNA and RNA Are Involved In Proteins Synthesis.
Sunday 27 March 2016
C3 and C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
.In C3 Plants a Three Carbon Compound Called PGA Is
Formed As The First Detected Product Of Photosynthesis
While
In C4 Plants a Four Carbon Compound Called Oxaloacetate
As The First Product Of Carbondioxide Fixation In Dark Reactions Of Photosynthesis.
.In C3 Plants Chloroplasts Are Present Only In Mesophyll Cells
Of Leaf.
However In C4 Plants Chloroplasts Are Present Both In Mesophyll Cells And In Bundle Sheath Cell.
.C3 Plants Use Rubisco To React Carbondioxide With RUBP .
On The Other Hand C4 Plants Use Another Enzyme Called PEPCO To Fix Carbondioxde
Saturday 26 March 2016
Mode Of Nutrition In Bacteria
Mode Of Nutrition In Bacteria:
The Bacteria Need Energy For Their Different Activities Of Life.
On The Basis Of Nutrition Bacteria Are Divide Into Three Groups
1) Autotrophic Bacteria
2) Heterotrophic Bacteria
3) Symbiotic Bacteria
1) Autotrophic Bacteria:
Bacteria Which Synthesize Their Food From Carbon Sources Are Called Autotrophic Bacteria
. They Get Energy From Sunlight
. They Are Further Divide into Two Groups 1) Photoautotrophs 2) Chemoautotrophs
1) Photoautotrophs:These Bacteria Have Chlorophyll Dispersed In The Cytoplasm.
They Utilize The Atmospheric Co2 And Get Energy From Sunlight And Perform The Process Of Photosynthesis, But Use Hydrogen Sulphide Instead Of Water As a Source Of Hydrogen And Liberate Sulphur Instead Of oxygen.
2) Chemoautotrophs
These Bacteria Do Not Use Sunlight as a source of energy. These Bacteria Get Their Energy From Ammonia, Nitrates, And Iron Compound.
2) Heterotrophic Bacteria:
These Bacteria Can Not Synthesize Their Organic Food. They Get Energy By Decomposition Of Organic Compound.They Maybe Saprophyte Or Parasite
3) Symbiotic Bacteria:Some Bacteria Forms An Association With Other Organisms And Are Called Symbiotic Bacteria.It Is Of Two Type
a) Mutualism.
b) Commensalism.
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