Classification Of Animal On The Basis Of Body Shape/Symmetry

Classification Of Animal On The Basis Of Body Shape/Symmetry.
1) Asymmetrical Animals :-
Those Animals Whose Body Can Not Be Divided Into Equal 
Parts Are Called Asymmetrical Animals.
In Other words They Have Irregular Body Shape.


2) Bilateral:-
The Body Of These Animals Can Be Divided Into Equal Parts
In One Plane Of Cutting Only

3) Radial Symmetrical:-
The Body Of These Animals Can Be Divided Into Equal Parts In More Than One Plane Of Cutting.

Mychorrhizae

 Short Note On Mycorrhizae :-
.Some Fungi Make Association With The Roots Of Higher Plants  Called Mycorrhizae.
.It Is Also a Mutualism In Which Both The Partners get Benefit
.The Hyphae Of Fungi Increase The Soil Contact And Help I The  Absorption Of Important
 The Substances Like Zinc, Copper , Phosphorous and Other  Nutrients.
.The Plant Get All These Substances and As a Result Of Which  The Plant Supplies Organic
 Compounds To The Fungus.
.In This Way The Fungi And Higher Plants Live Together 

.There Are Two Type Of Mycorrhizae:-
1) Endomycorrhizae
2) Ectomycorrhizae
Endomycorrhizae:-
.When The Hyphae Of Fungi Penetrate Into The Inner Side Of  Root Cells, These Are Called
 Ectomycorrhizae.

Ectomycorrhizae:-
.When The Fungal Hyphae Surround The Roots And Remain    Between The Cell But Do Not
 Penetrate into The Cells, These Are Called Ectomycorrhizae.

Importance of Fungi

Importance of Fungi:-
Fungi In Food Industry:-
Yeast Is Used In Baking And Wine Making Industry.
 Yeast Has The Ability To Ferment Carbohydrate ,  Breaking
 Down Glucose To produce Ethanol and Carbon dioxide . 

Fungi In Pharmaceutical Industry :-
Penicillin The First Discovered Antibiotic Is Obtained From
Pencillium Chrysigenum.
The Antibiotic Griseofulvin Is Effectively
Used Against Fungal Infections Of Hair, Nails, Skin, And Ringworm.
Edible Fungi:-
The Mushroom Is Considered Popular Food Throughout The World.
Mushroom Are Famous For Their Taste.
Some Ectomycorrhizae Are Edible.
The Yeast Contain High Level Of Vitamin B and Protein

Fungi Used In Research Projects :-
Yeast Are Mostly Used In Biological Research Projects Due To Their
Rapidly Increasing  Generation  Time And Increasing Genetic Pool .
Yeast Contain 6000 Genes.

Haemocoel and Coelom

Haemocoel and Coelom :-
Coelom Is The Space Between Body Wall And Alimentary Canal
Formed By Splitting Of Embryonic Mesoderm
Coelome Filled With  Heamolymph  Is Called Heamocoel.
In Heamocoel The Original Coelme IS Obliterated Dilation Of Blood Vessels.

ECG (Electrocardiogram)

Electrocardiogram :-
The Electrocardiogram Is a Medical Device Used For Recording The Electrical
Activity Of The Heart.
An Electrocardiogram (ECG) Is Used To Measure The Rate and Regularity Of
Heart Beats, As Well As The Size Position Of The Chambers, Thee Presence Of
Any Demage To The Heart and The Effects Of Drugs Or Devices Used To Regulate
The Heart Such As Pacemaker.

Pacemaker

PACEMAKER :-
.It Is Also Called  Sinoatrial Node or SA node.
.The SA node Is Composed Of Special Muscle Called Purkinji.
.Pacemaker Is a Specialized Region Of Cardiac Muscles That  Maintain
 The Rhythm Of The Heart.
.SA node initiates The  Electrical Impulse For Heart Beat.
.The Cell Of The SA node Generate Electrical Impulses Which Is  Responsible The The
 For The Rest Of Heart Electrical Activity.
.The Pacemaker Is Situated In The Walls Of Right Auricle.

Different Between Heamolymph and Blood

Heamolymph and Blood :-
Heamolymph Is The Circulatory Fluid In Insects. It Does Not Contain Heamoglobin And RBCs And Does Not Transport Oxygen.
Heamolymph Transport Food Only.
While
Blood Contain Different Types Of Cell And Present  In Liquid  Part
Called Plasma.
As Heamoglobin Is Present Blood Transport Oxygen And Corbondioxide Besides Other Substances.

Animal Like Protists

. Animal Like Protists 
.The Protists (Algae) Play A Major role in ecosystem . These    Forms The Foundation
 Of Food
.It is Estimated That One-Quarter Of World’s Photosynthesis Is  Performed By Algea.
.It Play role in nutrients  Recycling
.Protists Are Responsible  For Decomposing The Organic Matter    and recycling The
 Nutrients
.Euglena Is Used To Treat Sewage Because Of Its ability To Switch  From An Autotrophic
 To a Heterotrophic  Mode Of Nutrition
.Protists Form Symbiotic Relationship For i,e  Trichonympha Lives  In The Gut OF Termites
 And Produce An enzyme Cellulose Which Digest The Wood
.The Animal Like Protists Causes  Diseases In Humans :-   I,e Malaria, Amoebic Dysentery ,  African Sleeping  Sickness And  Giardiasis  .
.Some Protists Have Medicinal And Industrial Uses.
.Chemicals Are Obtained From Ptotists  Are Used In The      Treatment  Of Ulcers ,  Hypertension  And Arthritis.
.Some Species Are Used As Source Of Food
.Red Algae Are Rich In Vitamins And Minerals .

Hormones Of Plants

Hormones Of Plants :-
  1) Auxins
  2) Gibberellins
  3) Cytokinins
  4) Abscisic Acid
  5) Ethylene

1) Auxins :-   It Is A Greek Word Which Means "To Increase"  
   It Produced In The Apical Meristems Of Shoot And The Tips Of
   Coleoptiles.
   Auxins Controls The Lengthening Of The Shoot And The Coleoptile By
   Promoting Cells Elongation
   The Same Quantity  Of Auxins  That Promotes Growth  In The Stem ,
   Inhibits  Growth In The Main Root System


2) Gibberellins :-
   Gibberellins Were First Isolated From a Parasitic Fungus That Causes 
    abnormal  Growth In Rice Seedling
    It Causes Seed Germination In Grasses
    It Can Break The Dormancy Of The Seed 
    It Promote Flowering


3) Cytokinins :-   They Were First Discovered In Culture Of Plant Tissues.    They  Are Chemically Related To Nucleic Acid
   They Promote The Growth Of Lateral Buds
   They Prevent Senescence In Leaves By Stimulating Proteins Synthesis.


4) Abscisic Acid :-
   Abscisic Acid Has Abscision Character And Acidic In Nature.
    Abscisic Acid  Causes Bud Dormancy And Seed Dormancy
    Abscisic Acid Inhibits  Active Growth Of Seedling Flowering  In Long
    Day Plants And Promotes Abscission


5) Ethylene :-    It Is A Gaseous Hormone
    It Inhibit Root Growth And Development Of Axillary Buds When  Present
    In High Concentration
    Ethylene Also Stimulates Fruit Ripening
    It Induces Senescence In Plant Cells And Organs
 

Prions And Viroids

 Prions And Viroids :-

Prions:-
They Are Infectious  Proteins  Particles Thought To Be Responsible For Transmissible Neurodegenerative Diseases.
These Infectious Prion Proteins Are Modified Form Of Normal Proteins Which Are Synthesized In The Brian And Stem Cells In The Bone Marrow.
Prions Cause Disease In Human :- CJD  Which Mean Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease.
FFI Fatal Familial Insomnia

Viroids :-
Circular , small , Single Stranded Infectious RNA Molecules Lacking a proteins Coat. They Are
More Simple Than Viruses.
They Cause a disease in Plants Like , Potato Spindle-Tuber Disease,
Citrus Exorcist Disease, Cucumber Pale Fruit.
Viriods Cause Disease In Human Is  Hepatitis D.

Bacterial Diseases In Human

 Bacterial Diseases  In Human :-

. Cholera
. Tuberculosis
. Pneumonia
. Typhoid Fever


.Cholera:-
  Cholera Caused By a gram Negative Bacteria Called Vibro Cholera
  it Enter The Intestinal  Tract  From Contaminated water and food.
 The Symptoms Of Cholera Is: Loss Of Fluid From The Body
 The Eye Of The Person Become Gray And Sink Into Their Orbits.
 The Skin Become Dry and Cold
 The Urine Production Stop
 Pain Occurs In Arms and Legs
 In Untreated Cases Death Rate May  Reach To 70%
The Treatment Of Cholera Is : Use Antibiotics Such as tetracycline
 ORS Is Given to Patients
The Prevention  Of Cholera Is : Sanitation, Personal Hygiene,
Care In Food Preparation


.Tuberculosis:-
 Tuberculosis Caused By A Bacteria Called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
 The Symptoms Of Cholera Is : Chronic Cough Chest  Pain, Expel  Sputum, High Fever
 The Treatment Of Tuberculosis is : full course Of Medication
Good Meal  And Living Condition.



.Pneumonia :-
 Pneumonia Is Caused By a Gram Positive Bacteria
The symptom Of pneumonia is : High Fever ,  Chest Pain , Difficulty in breathing ,
The treatment of pneumonia is :  Immunization to 23 strains is available, drug penicillin
with tetracycline and chloramphenical.



.Typhoid Fever:-
 Typhoid Fever Is Caused by gram negative bacteria called salmonella typhoid.
The Symptoms of typhoid fever is : Ulcer ,  Abdomen Covers With Red Spots
 At Later Stage Gall Bladder Is Also Infected.
The  Treatment Of Typhoid Fever Is : Antibiotics Chloramphenical ,
Vaccine are Available for immunization.

Fundamental Biological Molecules

 Fundamental Biological Molecules:-

.There Are Four Types Of Fundamental Biological Molecules
1) Proteins
2) Carbohydrates
3) Lipids
4) Nucleic Acids

1)Proteins:-
              Proteins Are The Most Abundant Organic Compound.
              The Unit Of Proteins Is Amino Acid, or we also say 
              that When Amino Acids combine,They form proteins.
              Proteins Play One Of The Most Important Role In 
              Structure And Function of The Cell.


2)Carbohydrates:-
               Carbohydrates Are Composed Of Hydrogen Oxygen 
               and Carbon.They Are Also Called Hydrated Carbon. 
               They Are Used In The Process Of Respiration For 
               Energy Purpose.Carbohydrates Act As building Material 
               Of Plants Cell.


3)Lipids:-
              Lipids Act As A reserve Food And Building Material
              Of cellular Organelles.

4)Nucleic Acids:-
              Nucleic Acids Are DNA and RNA.DNA and RNA are Important Type 
              Of Fundamental Organic Molecules Of The Cell. DNA and RNA Are 
              Involved In Proteins Synthesis. 

C3 and C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS

      c3 and c4 plants:

.In C3 Plants a Three Carbon Compound Called PGA Is
 Formed As The First Detected Product Of Photosynthesis
 While
 In C4 Plants a Four Carbon Compound Called Oxaloacetate
 As The First Product Of Carbondioxide Fixation In Dark            Reactions Of Photosynthesis.
.In C3 Plants Chloroplasts Are Present Only In Mesophyll Cells
 Of Leaf.
 However In C4 Plants Chloroplasts Are Present Both In      Mesophyll Cells And In Bundle Sheath Cell.
.C3 Plants Use Rubisco To React Carbondioxide With RUBP .    
 On The Other Hand C4 Plants Use Another Enzyme Called          PEPCO  To Fix Carbondioxde

Mode Of Nutrition In Bacteria

Mode Of Nutrition In Bacteria:
The Bacteria Need Energy For Their Different Activities Of Life.
On The Basis Of Nutrition Bacteria Are Divide Into Three Groups
1) Autotrophic  Bacteria
2) Heterotrophic   Bacteria
3) Symbiotic Bacteria

1) Autotrophic Bacteria:
Bacteria Which Synthesize Their Food From Carbon Sources Are Called  Autotrophic Bacteria
. They Get Energy From Sunlight
. They Are Further Divide into Two Groups 1) Photoautotrophs 2) Chemoautotrophs

1) Photoautotrophs:These Bacteria  Have Chlorophyll Dispersed In The Cytoplasm.
They Utilize The Atmospheric Co2 And Get Energy From Sunlight And Perform The Process Of Photosynthesis, But Use Hydrogen Sulphide Instead Of Water As a Source Of Hydrogen And Liberate Sulphur Instead Of oxygen.

2) Chemoautotrophs 
These Bacteria Do Not Use Sunlight as a source of energy. These Bacteria Get Their Energy From Ammonia, Nitrates, And Iron Compound. 

2) Heterotrophic Bacteria:
These Bacteria Can Not Synthesize Their Organic Food. They Get Energy By Decomposition Of Organic Compound.They Maybe Saprophyte Or Parasite


3) Symbiotic Bacteria:Some Bacteria Forms An Association With Other Organisms And Are Called Symbiotic Bacteria.It Is Of Two Type
a) Mutualism.
b) Commensalism.